This Month in the Garden: A Virtual Garden Tour

Virtual Garden Tour

Welcome to This Month in the Garden! For the month of February, it's time for another virtual garden tour! This tour will take you on a journey of five gardens/national parks in the U.S. We will tour the New York City High Line, the Green Animals Topiary Garden in Rhode Island, Muir Woods National Park in California, Allerton & McBryde National Botanical Gardens in Hawaii, and the Desert Botanical Garden in Arizona. Each introductory photo will have a caption containing a clickable link that will bring you to the entire post if you are interested in seeing each garden in its entirety. At the end of the post will be a link to a library of several more gardens and places of interest that I can share with you. I hope you enjoy the tour!

New York City High Line

The first stop is the The High Line (also known as the High Line Park). This 1.45-mile-long (2.33 km) New York City linear park was built on a historic freight rail line elevated above the streets of Manhattan's West side. The park runs from Gansevoort Street (three blocks below 14th Street) in the Meat Packing District through to the northern edge of the West Side Yard 34th Street near the Javits Center. The refurbishing of the railway into an urban park began construction in 2006, with the first phase opening in 2009 and the second phase opening in 2011. The third and final phase officially opened to the public in September of 2014. A once abandoned railroad track has now become an array of blooms for residents and visitors to enjoy. The High Line has been developed with various works of public art and the native greenery incorporated into the long forgotten tracks has preserved the history of the area, leading to a beautiful and dynamic park. The New York City skyline as well as the Hudson River can be seen as a backdrop to the gardens.

Green Animals Topiary Garden Portsmouth, Rhode Island

The Green Animals Topiary garden was established on small country estate consisting of seven acres of land overlooking Narragansett Bay in Portsmouth Rhode Island and was purchased by Thomas E. Brayton in 1872. Mr. Brayton was the treasurer for the Union Cotton Manufacturing Company in Fall River, Massachusetts from 1879 to 1920, and he hired Joseph Carreiro, who was responsible for creating and maintaining the topiary garden.  Upon Mr. Brayton's death in 1940, his daughter Alice inherited the estate and resided there until her death in 1972. Alice Brayton known for her love of horticulture named the estate after its unique sculptured green topiary. Green Animals Topiary Garden was left to the Preservation Society of Newport County and remains today under their care as a historic landmark. There are more that 80 pieces of topiary throughout the gardens. The topiaries were started in 1901 in a nursery then moved to their present location in 1912. 

 

Muir Woods National Park, Mill Valley California

Muir Woods National Monument is located 12 miles north of the Golden gate Bridge in San Francisco, California. It consists of a 560 acre park with six miles of trails meandering through some of the last remaining redwood forests in the world. Much of the Northern Hemisphere was covered with Redwood-like trees 150 million years ago. Climate change caused the numbers or Redwood to decrease drastically leaving only two species in California. While many of the world's redwoods were lost due to industrialization and nearing extinction the canyon of redwoods in Muir Woods was never logged and remains preserved here today. The breathtaking Cathedral Grove represents trees ranging in age from 500 to 800 years with heights up to 258 feet towering towards the sky.  The main attraction of the Muir Woods is the Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), a relative of the Giant Sequoia which is known for its great heights. The oldest tree existing in the park is over a remarkable 1,200 years old. The redwoods in the park flourish in California's fog belt where and yearly daytime temperatures range between 40 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. During the drier summer months the forest is layered in fog which keeps the park cool and moist year round. On average the park receives up to 40 inches of rain during the winter months which supports the moisture requirement of the redwoods.

Allerton/McBryde Botanical Gardens Kauai, Hawaii

Located on the south shore of Kauai in the Lāwa'i Valley are the Allerton and McBryde National Tropical Botanical Gardens, maintained for the preservation of endangered native species. Encompassed in a world of rain forests, native fruits and spices, hidden waterfalls and Jurassic trees, Allerton and McBryde Gardens will continue to provide a tropical paradise for visitors of all ages. In 2003, NTBG began an ambitious restoration of an area known as Lāwa‘i-kai including the beach and adjacent coastal forest in the Allerton Garden. The project’s first goal was to remove invasive alien plants which had crowded out most native strand plants and had threatened the Hawaiian green sea turtle (honu) nesting areas. The goal was to create a vegetative barrier to alleviate damage from tropical storms such as the tsunami and two hurricanes that had struck the area previously and to create a stable habitat for a wide array of highly endangered native plants, after removal of alien invaders. The landscape was developed through the study of fossil and historical records to replicate the type of environment that would have existed a millennium ago. Many of the plants, including rare palms, trees, and shrubs native to the island, now thrive in Allerton Gardens. These beautiful and breathtaking gardens continue to be dedicated to the study and preservation of endangered tropical plants and protection of the world's diverse ecosystems.

Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix  Arizona

The Desert Botanical Garden is a 140 acre botanical garden located in Phoenix, Arizona that was founded by the Arizona Cactus and Native Flora Society in 1937 and established in 1939.  It is the home to more than 21,000 plants, including 139 species of desert plants which are considered rare, threatened or endangered. At the entrance to the Botanical Garden is world renowned artist's Dale Chihuly Nature of Glass Exhibit which was originally displayed in 2008. The gardens bought the glass art after the exhibit as a permanent display. Among the sites to be seen, the giant Saguaro Cactus is one of the defining plants of the Sonoran Desert. These majestic cacti are very slow growing, only reaching a height of one and a half inches tall in ten years, but can grow to an eventual towering height of 40-60 feet. When fully hydrated, Saguaro can weigh between 3200 and 4800 pounds and a healthy cactus can have a lifespan up to 150-200 years! Follow the trail for a view of the red rock cliffs and cacti of the Sonoran Desert. 

For more virtual tours, you can visit my Botanical & Community Gardens page!

I hope you enjoyed This Month in the Garden for February. Be sure to stop by on the 1st. and 15th. of each month as I continue to share gardening tips, information and horticultural adventures! (Linking up with: Floral Fridays, Macro Monday 2, Ruby Tuesday and Image-in-ing Weekly Photo Link-Up.)

For gardening information: My Author Page and Books

A Guide to Northeastern Gardening: Journeys of a Garden Designer Zones 3-9

Landscape Design Combinations 

Dream, Garden, Grow!-Musings of a Lifetime Gardener

Gardening by Month: A Monthly Guide to Planning the Northeastern & Mid-Atlantic Garden. 

As Always...Happy Gardening! 😊

Author: Lee @A Guide to Northeastern Gardening,© Copyright 2010-2022. All rights reserved. 

This Month in the Garden: A Re-Visit to Allerton National Tropical Botanical Garden Kauai, Hawaii

Allerton National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kauai

Allerton Garden, also known as Lāwaʻi-kai, is an 80-acre botanical garden located in the Lawa'i valley on the south shore of Kauai, Hawaii. The land in the valley was granted to James Young Kanehoa, the advisor to Hawaii’s King Kamehameha I in in 1848 and upon his death he willed a third of the land to his niece, Queen Emma of Hawaii. Queen Emma inherited the remainder of the property in 1885 upon the death of King Kamehameha's wife and to fulfill her great love of gardening she planted rose apples, laurel, mangoes, bamboo, pandanus, ferns, and bougainvillea along the valley cliffs.

Allerton National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kauai

Upon Queen Emma's death, the entire valley including what is now the adjacent McBryde Garden, was purchased by the McBryde family to be used as a sugarcane plantation. In 1938, McByde sold the valley to Robert Allerton, the only son of a Mayflower descendant who had made his fortune in Chicago livestock, banking, and real estate. Allerton later became an avid art collector and patron and took on an interest in landscape architecture. Robert met John Gregg, a young architectural student at the University of Illinois, whom he eventually adopted. The two men traveled the world collecting art and fell in love with Kauai during a visit. They purchased a small portion of Queen Emma's plantation for a residence and gardens and quickly began designing the landscape master plan and garden rooms of Allerton, incorporating collected statues with plantings.

Allerton Garden Rainforest

Today, the Allerton and McBryde gardens are maintained by the National Tropical Botanical Gardens (NTBG), a non-profit organization founded in 1964, who's mission is devoted to plant research, conservation and education. Today's feature, Allerton Garden can be considered part garden tour and part art exhibit, as visitors are guided through multiple garden rooms decorated with exotic plants, sculptures and water features, each designed by the Allertons themselves. Allerton garden also has a rich history as a Hollywood film location for many notable movies and TV shows including Jurassic Park and Pirates of the Caribbean. Come along!

Heliconia Lobster Claw

The first of exotic plant we encounter is Heliconia, also known as Lobster Claw. As you can see, the plant gets its name from its claw-like "bracts". There are 194 known species of Heliconia native to the tropical Americas, but only a few are indigenous to certain islands of the western Pacific and Maluku. 

Staghorn Fern (Platycerium bifurcatum))

One of the rain forest plants which I most admire is the magnificent Staghorn Fern, an epiphyte that lives on a host tree and draws its nutrients from the surrounding air, water and debris surrounding the plant. Staghorn Fern generally grow under the canopies of trees which provide light shade and over time the fronds of the plant can reach up to an impressive six feet in length.

Angel's Trumpet (Datura stramonium)

An interesting but potentially deadly flower is Angel's Trumpet, also known as Devil's Trumpet or Datura. The plant contains dangerous levels of the poison tropane alkaloids in all its parts, which are known to cause drastic hallucinations and changes in mental status characteristic of delirium. Although attractive, this tropical flower should be admired at a distance.

Allerton Garden Room

Here is the first of many garden rooms. The Allertons had such an eye for architecture that they wanted to create a place for relaxing and entertaining. Graced by walls of greenery and a serene cherub fountain, this area leads into an adjacent room just through the decorative lattice arch.

Muscovy duck

One of Kauai's introduced inhabitants, this Muscovy duck greeted our tour guide and was quite friendly. This species of duck is mostly native to the tropics of Mexico and Central and South America but they are sometimes seen near water areas in Kauai.

Aechmea (Bromeliad) 

A common houseplant in the northeast, Bromeliad can be seen growing in the rain forests of Kauai. Single flower spikes are composed of bright pink bracts that can last for several months. Most bromeliads bloom only once in their lifetime; however, after blooming the plant will begin to form offsets or pups, which are exact clones of the original plant. The new plants mature to produce blooms. 

Diana's Room

Designed by the Allertons, this latticed wood pavilion sitting area overlooking a mossy reflecting pool is known as Diana's Room. The life-sized limestone statue which is a copy of an original Roman work of art, depicts Diana Goddess of the Hunt.

Diana Goddess of the Hunt Allerton Garden Rooms

Diana Roman goddess of the hunt, while primarily associated with hunting, was also looked upon as the goddess of the woods, children and childbirth, fertility, chastity, the moon, and wild animals. Roman worshippers believed that Diana had the power to talk to woodland animals and control their movements and behavior.

Chicken Friend

With no natural predators, chickens are very prominent on Kauai and have gotten very comfortable around people over the years. This one in particular had befriended our tour guide Paul. 

Monstera deliciosa  (Swiss Cheese Plant)

This rather large leaf is that of Monstera deliciosa, also known as Swiss Cheese Plant. Monstera is a species of flowering plant native to the tropical forests of southern Mexico and south to Panama which had been introduced to many tropical areas. It has now become considered an invasive species in Kauai.

Cycad Seed Pods

Native cycads produce these giant prehistoric looking seed cones. Cycads were one of the first per-historic plants known. They were most abundant during the Jurassic Period between 201-145 million years ago.

Three Pools

This beautiful feature is known as Three Pools, a combination of a serene water feature and artwork with a statue of a sleeping horse at the upper level of the sculpture. The statue is an original piece of Hawaiian art by Robert Allerton.

Kauai Wildlife Visitor

Here is another chicken visitor.

 Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) 

With a long Hawaiian history, Breadfruit (Ulu in Hawaiian) was one of the original subsistence plants brought over by early Polynesian settlers. This species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit  (Moraceae) family is believed to have originated in New Guinea, the Maluku Islands, and the Philippines. Iconic to many Pacific cultures, Ulu the has been grown for thousands of years for its abundant, tasty and nutritious fruits, which taste like freshly baked bread. The starch-rich breadfruit tastes similar to potatoes. 

Ulu (Breadfruit)

Our tour guide Paul explains the history behind this valuable fruit. Since 2003, the NTBG's Breadfruit Institute has been dedicated to the conservation of Ulu and promoting it as a vital tree crop that can help to reduce hunger around the world.

Mermaid Room-Pulse of Water in Fountain Mimics Heartbeat

This well-designed Mermaid Fountain is 100 feet long and constructed with scalloped edges at a three percent angle, with ballasts at the narrow edges, engineered so that the water gushing through will pulse by the time it reaches the other end; thus, mimicking the rate of a heartbeat.

St.Thomas Bean (Entada phaseoloides)

St.Thomas Bean, a member of the pea family, is a large woody vine known for its unusual bundles of thick, twisted stems that spill down like old-fashioned telephone chords from the host tree into which is has grown. Entada produces giant brown seed pods that can reach a length of 2 meters and hold up to 20 dark brown, lens-shaped seeds. The vines and seeds have been extracted and used for soap making and the natural Gugo extract from the bark is rich in saponin, a natural surfactant with deep cleansing properties, which is used as a shampoo. 

Artistic Fountain

Another one of the Allerton fountains is more like a sculpture.

 Bulbophyllum medusae

Medusa's Bulbophyllum, also known as Medusa orchid, is a species of epiphyte orchid that blooms in the fall and winter. It's name was derived from its unusual flowers with long lateral sepals that resemble the snakes in Medusa's hair. 

Etlingera elatior (Torch Ginger)

Torch Ginger flowers are related to ginger, cardamom and turmeric. Although the roots are not edible, the bud is often sliced or shredded and is used as a spice in Malay cuisine. White Torch Ginger prefers a sheltered environment and rich soil and can be often seen in the rainforests of Kauai.

Monstera deliciosa  (Swiss Cheese Plant) Invasive Species

Way above, Swiss Cheese or Split Leaf Philodendron can be seen growing in the rainforest. This evergreen woody vine attaches itself to tree trunks and branches while climbing high up into the rainforest. A single vine can reach more than 70 ft in length. Known to be mildly invasive in Kauai, it is a common houseplant in cooler climates.

Ficus macrophylla (Moreton Bay Fig)

Here is Moreton Bay Fig, also known as or Australian banyan, and a familiar sight from the movie set of Jurassic Park. The trees in Allerton are just 65-70 years old and tower upwards towards 200 feet with a trunk span of 8 feet. The giant banyan-like roots extend much further outwards from this evergreen tree. These trees can live over 200 years.

Moreton Bay Figs Jurassic Park Dinosaur Egg Scene

As you may recall from the movie, Dr. Alan Grant and the kids discover the infamous dinosaur eggs. This is the spot where it all happened, as our tour guide Paul illustrates!

Moreton Bay Figs

These trees and the scenery behind them is absolutely magnificent!

Moreton Bay Figs

This capture will give you an idea of the enormous root system on this plant. The Moreton Bay's buttress roots are mainly for stabilization and serve as a support system for the tree.

Bamboo Room-(Bambusa vulgaris) 

The Bamboo room features clumping Golden Bamboo, which sways back and forth in the gentle breeze.

Bamboo Room

I have always looked at bamboo as a piece of nature's artwork with its bands of alternating patterns of green and golden hues.

Buddah Statue

This Buddah statue stands at the entrance to the bamboo room.

Lagoon

One of the more serene sights at Allerton is this view of the lagoon present on the property... 

Bridge from Beach

and walking bridge crossing over the picturesque lagoon and to the beach and ocean.

Allerton Beach Site of Nesting Sea Turtles

For further information visit Allerton Gardens.

I hope you enjoyed This Month in the Garden for March. Be sure to stop by on the 1st. of each month for This Month in the Garden, as I share gardening tips, information and horticultural adventures! (Linking with: Floral Fridays, Macro Monday 2, Our World Tuesday, Travel Tuesday, Pictorial Tuesday, My Corner of the World, Friday Photo Journal, Image-in-ing Weekly Photo Link-Up and Dishing It & Digging It.)

For gardening information and tips...Visit My Author Page and See My Books:

A Guide to Northeastern Gardening: Journeys of a Garden Designer Zones 3-9

Landscape Design Combinations 

Dream, Garden, Grow!-Musings of a Lifetime Gardener

~As Always...Happy Gardening! ~

Author: Lee@A Guide to Northeastern Gardening,© Copyright 2010-2020. All rights reserved.

This Month in the Garden: A Visit to the Allerton & McBryde National Tropical Gardens, Kauai

Allerton & McBryde Gardens Kauai

Welcome to the National Tropical Botanical Gardens (NTBG)! Based in Hawaii, the gardens are a non-profit educational institution dedicated to the research, preservation and re-population of native and endangered tropical plants. There are five botanical gardens open to the public, Allerton and McBryde on the South Shore of Kauai, Limihuli Gardens on the North Shore, Kahanu Garden on the island of Maui and the The Kampong Garden in Coconut Grove, Florida. 

National Tropical Botanical Gardens

Since the National Tropical Botanical Garden has been in operation, thousands of species have been gathered by field expeditions throughout the tropical world. Its living collection includes the largest number of native Hawaiian plant species and breadfruit cultivars in existence. In 2002, the Breadfruit Institute was created by the NTBG to increase awareness and focus on the preservation of breadfruit, promoting the fruit as a highly nutritional answer to global food shortages. The institute also includes five preserves (not open to the public) that are maintained for scientific research and reintroduction of critically endangered species no longer found in the wild, allowing them to grow and reproduce in a natural environment. The preserves include the Lawai and and the Limahuli Preserves, (Kauai), Ka'upulehu and Awini Preserves (Hawaii), and the Kahanu Preserve (Maui). 

Endangered Species Brighamia insignis (Aluha)

On the Combination Tour, we visited one of the areas dedicated to scientific research. Here is endangered Aluha plant. Hawaii is known as the extinction capital of the U.S. because it has the greatest number of endangered species. Over 90% of plants in Hawaii are native and don't grow anywhere else in the world. The threat comes from  a number of sources including location of the plants, evolution, climate change and the introduction of invasive species of plants and predators. Some species, like Brighamia insignis, are found only on steep cliffs and the main pollinator, the green sphinx moth is rarely ever seen. To the knowledge of scientists, there was only one remaining Aluha left in the wild. The species has now been preserved through the efforts of the NTBG.

 Myrmecodia tuberosa Rubiaceae Tunnels Inside Aerial Roots 

This is Myrmecodia tuberosa Rubiaceae, also known as "Ant Plant". This unusual plant has tunnels inside its aerial root that provide a habitat for ant colonies, while protecting them from the elements. In exchange, the nutrients from the ants and the debris left by the ants are absorbed into the plant's chambers. 

  Trumpet Vine (Podranea ricasolina)

While heading into the gardens, we passed by this magnificent pink Trumpet Vine with foot long glorious blooms, which are an attraction to butterflies and hummingbirds.

Biodiversity Trail

The Biodiversity Trail is a meandering 800-foot pathway that simulates more than 450 million years of plant evolution, starting with a moss filled tunnel representing the first plant life. Located in the McBryde Garden, each step along the way shows how species have developed in complexity over time, ending with plants of the present. 

Cycad Gymnosperm Reproductive Seed Cones

Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants dating back in time to the Jurassic period, which have been used for food and medicine. Because Cycad seeds are mostly toxic, they had to undergo much processing until they were edible. Recent studies have shown the plant to contain a signaling protein, BMAA (β-Methylamino-L-alanine) which has been linked to the development of Alzheimer-like symptoms in patients on the island of Guam, where the plant is abundant. Now that this is known, the protein's amino acids are being looked into for finding a possible cure for Alzheimer's. 

Pineapple Plant  (Ananas comosus)

It's amazing to be able to see pineapple growing throughout Hawaii. The founder of Hawaii's pineapple industry was Captain John Kidwell (1880's) who after much experimentation, selected the "Smooth Cayenne" variety of fruit to cultivate. In the year 1899, James Dole arrived in Hawaii and started a plantation, and In 1922, he purchased the island of Lanai, so that he could establish the largest pineapple plantation in the world. Dole passed away in 1958, and his legacy lives on worldwide as the Dole Food Company.

Cook's Pine (Araucaria columnaris_

Cook Pine were discovered by Captain James Cook on one of his voyages in the south Pacific Ocean during the 1770's. These beautiful and graceful trees are very similar to Norfolk Pine, but straighter and more narrow in appearance. Trees are either male or female, each bearing cones. The smaller male cone, about 2 inches long, is found at the end of branches, while the female cones are egg-shaped, 6 inches long and wider in diameter. Female cones are made up of scales that bear the seeds and are rarely seen on the ground because they open to disperse the seeds in midsummer.

 Heliconia bourgaeana Petersen

Heliconia, or Lobster Claw displays yellow, red, orange or green flowers that hang from brightly colored bracts. The growth habit of Heliconia is similar to that of Canna, Strelitzia, and bananas, to which they are related.

Heliconia Psittacorum

Here is another variety of Heliconia with multi-colored bracts. Heliconia Psittacorum is also known as Parrot's  Beak Heliconia.

 Pink Banana

In the McBryde garden are these tropical pink bananas. Never had seen or heard of a pink banana before, it was fascinating to learn about this smaller and sweeter variety. We also leaned that a banana tree produces fruit once in a lifetime and that as soon as it forms the fruit, new shoots are produced which grow into new plants. The original expired plant should be cut down after fruiting.

Tiger Orchid-Largest species of orchid in the world at 150 pounds

Here in the rainforest growing on the side of a palm tree is the largest species of orchid in the world, the Tiger Orchid (Grammatophyllum speciosum), which grows up to 150 pounds!  

 Tour Guide with Tiger Orchid Flower

Our tour guide shows us the beautiful flower of the orchid up close.

Staghorn Fern (Platycerium grande )

Giant Staghorn Fern grow from trees above and reach a diameter of three feet or more. Being epiphytic in nature, these giant ferns derive their moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, and from debris around the plant. Their unusual look and beauty never cease to amaze me.

Tropical Hibiscus

Tropical Hibiscus can be found everywhere in Hawaii in a variety of beautiful colors. 

 Vahana Palm Rarest Palm in the World-only 13 exist

A rare treat we came across is this Vahana Palm (Pelagodoxa henryana). It is the rarest palm in the world, in which only 13 exist, one being right here in the McBryde Garden!

White Anthurium (A. crystallinum f peltifolium)

 Anthurium is a tropical plant known for its white, red, yellow, orange or green bracts.

Allerton Garden Kauai

Back into the Allerton Garden is the set for the television pilot and first episode of the well-known Gilligan's Island, which took place over four days in November of 1963. 

Lagoon from Gilligan's Island

Here is the infamous lagoon from the three hour tour!

Pulsating water feature mimics heartbeat

Allerton Garden has been transformed through time from Hawaiian Queen Emma, a sugar plantation magnate, and most significantly by an artist and an architect, Robert Allerton. Allerton designed the garden as rooms, which he endowed with beautiful tropical plants and artwork that he collected while traveling to countries around the world. This pulsating water feature is architecturally designed to mimic the rate of a beating heart.

Bamboo Room

There is such beauty to be seen in the gardens, some simplistic, like this bamboo garden...

 Alpinia Purpurata Purest White

to beautiful tropical plants, such as this Alpinia. This variety of ginger is pure white and quite rare. The plant reaches a height of approximately 5-8' and produces flowers throughout the year.

 Bromeliad

Bromeliads of varying colors can be seen throughout the gardens. I happened to admire this particular variety with speckled dots of yellow on burgundy-green foliage.

Moreton Bay Figs (Ficus macrophylla)

Last, but not least, in the Allerton Garden are the infamous Moreton Bay Figs from the movie set of the 1997 movie, Jurassic Park! Moreton Bays Figs are large evergreen banyan trees that reach to 60 feet in height with massive buttress roots for stabilization, which can extend to 30 feet above and below the surface. They are by far the most majestic and beautiful trees I have ever seen. 

Allerton & McBryde Gardens Combination Tour Kauai

Allerton and McBryde are truly a tropical paradise with a vast variety of rare and endangered plants, all preserved in their natural environment by the National Tropical Botanical Garden. Accompanied by a very knowledgeable tour guide, the visit was complete.

For more information, visit National Tropical Botanical Garden

Be sure to stop by on the 1st. of each month for This Month in the Garden, as I share gardening tips, information and horticultural adventures! Linking with:  Floral Fridays, Macro Monday 2, Friday Photo Journal, Image-in-ing Weekly Photo Link-Up and Dishing It & Digging It, Our World Tuesday and Wednesday Around the World.

As Always...Happy Gardening!

Author: Lee@A Guide to Northeastern Gardening, ©Copyright 2010-2019. All rights reserved.